Basic functional components of a computer

Let me start from the basic of the computer because if i told you from the middle you will never understand.


There are six basic components in a computer here there are.

1. Input                             3. Storage                     5. A.L.U

2. Output                           4. CPU                         6. Control unit

These are the six basic components of computer which i found in my research let me explain in brief about in-detail .

1. Input unit :-

                         Input unit is basically used in every computer which works as to take the data from

some input devices and sends to the processor. The processor process the input data and sends again

to output devices. I will explain in-details about it later that how the input devices sends data to

processor and how it responds to that. Here we will see some input devices ...

Ex. Keyboard, Microphone, Imagescanner etc.

In short, an input unit performs the following functions.

1. It accepts (or reads) the list of instructions and data from the outside world.
2. It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable format.
3. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system for further processing.

2. Output unit :-

                         Output unit is just opposite to the input unit. How it will works it will come in later 

now just skip it. The best example of the output devices are Printer. There are some output devices 

but we i will take Printer as in this example to understand better.

In short, the following functions are performed by an output unit.

1. It accepts the results produced by the computer which are in coded form and hence cannot be easily understood by us.
2. It converts these coded results to human acceptable (readable) form.
3. It supplied the converted results to the outside world.

3. Storage unit :-

                       

The data and instructions that are entered into the computer system through input units have to be stored inside the computer before the actual processing starts. Similarly, the results produced by the computer after processing must also be kept somewhere inside the computer system before being passed on to the output units. Moreover, the intermediate results produced by the computer must also be preserved for ongoing processing. The

 Storage Unit or the primary / main storage of a computer system is designed to do all these things. It provides space for storing data and instructions, space for intermediate results and also space for the final results.

In short, the specific functions of the storage unit are to store:

1. All the data to be processed and the instruction required for processing (received from input devices).
2. Intermediate results of processing.
3. Final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.

4. CPU :-

       
The main unit inside the computer is the
 CPU. This unit is responsible for all events inside the computer. It controls  all internal and external devices, performs"Arithmetic and Logical operations". The operations a Microprocessor performs are called "instruction set" of this processor. The instruction set is “hard wired” in the CPU and determines the machine language for the CPU. The more complicated the instruction set is, the slower the CPU works. Processors differed from one another by the instruction set. If the same program can run on two different computer brands they are said to be compatible. Programs written for IBM compatible computers will not run on Apple computers because these two architecture 

are not compatible.

The control Unit and the Arithmetic and Logic unit of a computer system are jointly known as the Central Processing Unit(CPU). The CPU is the brain of any computer system. In a human body, all major decisions are taken by the brain and the other parts of the body function as directed by the brain. Similarly, in a computer system, all major calculations and comparisons are made inside the CPU and the CPU is also responsible for activating and controlling the operations of other units of a computer system.

5. A.L.U :-

                  The 
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
 of a computer system is the place where the actual execution of the instructions take place during the processing operations. All calculations are performed and all comparisons (decisions) are made in the ALU. The data and instructions, stored in the primary storage prior to processing are transferred as and when needed to the ALU where processing takes place. No processing is done in the primary storage unit. Intermediate results generated in the ALU are temporarily transferred back to the primary storage until needed at a later time. Data may thus move from primary storage to ALU and back again as storage many times before the processing is over. After the completion of processing, the final results which are stored in the storage unit are released to an output device.

The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is the part where actual computations take place. It consists of circuits that perform arithmetic operations (ex:- addition, subtraction, multiplication, division over data received from memory and capable to compare numbers (less than, equal to, or greater than).

While performing these operations the ALU takes data from the temporary storage are inside the CPU named registers. Registers are a group of cells used for memory addressing, data manipulation and processing. Some of the registers are general purpose and some are reserved for certain functions. It is a high-speed memory which holds only data from immediate processing and results of this processing. If these results are not needed for the next instruction, they are sent back to the main memory and registers are occupied by the new data used in the next instruction.

All activities in the computer system are composed of thousands of individual steps. These steps should follow in some order in fixed intervals of time. These intervals are generated by the Clock Unit. Every operation within the CPU takes place at the clock pulse. No operation, regardless of how simple, can be performed in less time than transpires between ticks of this clock. But some operations required more than one clock pulse. The faster the clock runs, the faster the computer performs. The clock rate is measured in megahertz (Mhz) or Gigahertz (Ghz). Larger systems are even faster. In older systems the clock unit is external to the microprocessor and resides on a separate chip. In most modern microprocessors the clock is usually incorporated within the CPU.

6. Control Unit :-

How the input device knows that it is time for it to feed data into the storage unit? How does the ALU know what should be done with the data once it is received? And how is it that only the final results are sent to the output devices and not the intermediate results? All this is possible because of the control unit of the computer system. By selecting, interpreting, and seeing to the execution of the program instructions, the control unit is able to maintain order and directs the operation of the entire system. Although, it does not perform any actual processing on the data, the control unit acts as a central nerves system for the other components of the computer. It manages and coordinates the entire computer system. It obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them.

The control unit directs and controls the activities of the internal and external devices. It interprets the instructions fetched into the computer, determines what data, if any, are  needed, where it is stored, where to store the results of the operation, and sends the control signals to the devices involved in the execution of the instructions.These are the Basic components of computer and this is basic in the next i will explain complete about processors.    --Fairoz Ahmed Shaik
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